Guangdong LiYou Steel Structure Engineering Co., Ltd. +8619147784007 liyousteelstructure@outlook.com
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Q: How to determine effective length?
A: Use alignment charts (AISC Fig. C-A-7.1) considering end restraints.
Q: When to use Class 1 sections?
A: For plastic analysis (required μ>3 in seismic zones).
Q: Minimum steel thickness for outdoor use?
A: 6mm with corrosion allowance (8mm for coastal areas).
| Quantity: | |
|---|---|
Steel
Online technical support
Warehouse
Guangdong, China
Warehouse
3 years
total solution for projects
LYB-001
Warehouse
Industrial
CE Certification
Industrial Commercial
C.Z Shape Steel Channel
Sliding Door
Customized Color
Sandwich Panel Optional
Aluminum Alloy Sliding Window
SAP2000/AutoCAD /PKPM /3D3S/TEKLA
Hot Dip Galvanized
25-60 days
Limit State Design (LSD) Approach
Ultimate Limit State (ULS): Strength, stability
Serviceability Limit State (SLS): Deflection, vibration
Key Design Standards
International: AISC 360, EN 1993-1-1
Chinese: GB 50017-2017
Indian: IS 800-2007
| Steel Grade | Yield Strength (MPa) | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Q235 | 235 | Light structures |
| Q355 | 355 | General construction |
| A572 Gr.50 | 345 | Heavy industrial |
| S355JR | 355 | European projects |
Modulus of Elasticity (E): 200 GPa (all structural steels)
Dead Load: Self-weight + permanent fixtures
Live Load:
Residential: 2-3 kN/m²
Industrial: 5-20 kN/m²
Wind Load:
Basic wind speed (zone-dependent)
Pressure = 0.613×V² (N/m²)
Seismic Load:
Response spectrum analysis
Ductility requirements (μ=3-6)
A. Tension Members
Design strength: _T_d = A_g × f_y / γ_m0
Net area reduction: _A_n = A_g - Σ(d_h × t)
B. Compression Members
Slenderness ratio: λ = L_e / r ≤ 180
Buckling curves (a-d per EN 1993)
C. Beams
Lateral-torsional buckling check
Deflection limits: L/250 (normal), L/360 (sensitive)
D. Connections
Bolted:
Bearing type vs friction grip
Edge distance ≥ 1.5d
Welded:
Fillet weld throat = 0.7×leg size
Butt weld full penetration required
Global Stability:
Effective length factors (K)
Bracing requirements
Local Buckling:
Class 1-4 cross-sections
Width-thickness ratios (Table 5.2 EN 1993-1-1)
| Section Type | Max Span (m) | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|
| IPE 300 | 6-8 | Floor beams |
| HEA 400 | 8-10 | Columns |
| CHS 219×6.3 | 12-15 | Truss members |
Analysis: STAAD.Pro, SAP2000
BIM: Tekla Structures, Revit
Code Checking: IDEA StatiCa
Minimum weld size: 3mm
Bolt spacing: 2.5d to 14t_min
Camber: L/300 to L/500
High-Strength Steels: S690QL (690 MPa yield)
Modular Construction: Prefabricated nodes
Seismic Dampers: Yield strength optimization
| No | Components | Specification | ||||||
| Embedded Parts | ||||||||
| 1 | Anchor Bolt | M24 | ||||||
| 2 | High Strength Bolt | M20,10.9S | ||||||
| 3 | Common Bolt | M16 | ||||||
| 4 | Galvanized Bolt | M12 | ||||||
| 5 | Shear Nail | M16 | ||||||
| 6 | Tir rod | ∅32*2.5 | ||||||
| Main Steel Structure Parts | ||||||||
| 1 | Steel Column (Q355B) | H550*300*10*16 | ||||||
| 2 | Wind Column (Q355B) | H400*220*6*10 | ||||||
| 3 | Roof Frame Beam (Q355B) | H900~500*220*10*12 H500~650*220*8*12 | ||||||
| 4 | Crane Beam (Q355B) | H650*320/240*10*16/14 | ||||||
| 5 | Tie Bar(Q235B) | ∅168*4.0 | ||||||
| 6 | Horizontal Brace (Q235B) | ∅168*4.0 | ||||||
| 7 | Column Brace (Q235B) | ∅25 | ||||||
| 8 | Angle Brace (Q235B) | L63*5.0 | ||||||
| 9 | Roof Purlin (Galvanized) | Z280*80*20*2.5 | ||||||
| 10 | Wall Purlin (Galvanized) | C250*75*20*2.5 | ||||||
| 11 | Connecting Plate | 6mm-30mm | ||||||
| Other Steel Structure Parts | ||||||||
| 1 | Roof Panel | 50mm Rock wool Sandwich panel | ||||||
| 2 | Wall Panel | 50mm Rock wool Sandwich panel | ||||||
| 3 | Gutter | 2mm Galvanized Steel Plate | ||||||
| 4 | Down Pipe | PVC160 (Including parts) | ||||||
| 5 | Trimming | Color steel 0.5mm Gavanized steel panel | ||||||
Limit State Design (LSD) Approach
Ultimate Limit State (ULS): Strength, stability
Serviceability Limit State (SLS): Deflection, vibration
Key Design Standards
International: AISC 360, EN 1993-1-1
Chinese: GB 50017-2017
Indian: IS 800-2007
| Steel Grade | Yield Strength (MPa) | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Q235 | 235 | Light structures |
| Q355 | 355 | General construction |
| A572 Gr.50 | 345 | Heavy industrial |
| S355JR | 355 | European projects |
Modulus of Elasticity (E): 200 GPa (all structural steels)
Dead Load: Self-weight + permanent fixtures
Live Load:
Residential: 2-3 kN/m²
Industrial: 5-20 kN/m²
Wind Load:
Basic wind speed (zone-dependent)
Pressure = 0.613×V² (N/m²)
Seismic Load:
Response spectrum analysis
Ductility requirements (μ=3-6)
A. Tension Members
Design strength: _T_d = A_g × f_y / γ_m0
Net area reduction: _A_n = A_g - Σ(d_h × t)
B. Compression Members
Slenderness ratio: λ = L_e / r ≤ 180
Buckling curves (a-d per EN 1993)
C. Beams
Lateral-torsional buckling check
Deflection limits: L/250 (normal), L/360 (sensitive)
D. Connections
Bolted:
Bearing type vs friction grip
Edge distance ≥ 1.5d
Welded:
Fillet weld throat = 0.7×leg size
Butt weld full penetration required
Global Stability:
Effective length factors (K)
Bracing requirements
Local Buckling:
Class 1-4 cross-sections
Width-thickness ratios (Table 5.2 EN 1993-1-1)
| Section Type | Max Span (m) | Typical Use |
|---|---|---|
| IPE 300 | 6-8 | Floor beams |
| HEA 400 | 8-10 | Columns |
| CHS 219×6.3 | 12-15 | Truss members |
Analysis: STAAD.Pro, SAP2000
BIM: Tekla Structures, Revit
Code Checking: IDEA StatiCa
Minimum weld size: 3mm
Bolt spacing: 2.5d to 14t_min
Camber: L/300 to L/500
High-Strength Steels: S690QL (690 MPa yield)
Modular Construction: Prefabricated nodes
Seismic Dampers: Yield strength optimization
| No | Components | Specification | ||||||
| Embedded Parts | ||||||||
| 1 | Anchor Bolt | M24 | ||||||
| 2 | High Strength Bolt | M20,10.9S | ||||||
| 3 | Common Bolt | M16 | ||||||
| 4 | Galvanized Bolt | M12 | ||||||
| 5 | Shear Nail | M16 | ||||||
| 6 | Tir rod | ∅32*2.5 | ||||||
| Main Steel Structure Parts | ||||||||
| 1 | Steel Column (Q355B) | H550*300*10*16 | ||||||
| 2 | Wind Column (Q355B) | H400*220*6*10 | ||||||
| 3 | Roof Frame Beam (Q355B) | H900~500*220*10*12 H500~650*220*8*12 | ||||||
| 4 | Crane Beam (Q355B) | H650*320/240*10*16/14 | ||||||
| 5 | Tie Bar(Q235B) | ∅168*4.0 | ||||||
| 6 | Horizontal Brace (Q235B) | ∅168*4.0 | ||||||
| 7 | Column Brace (Q235B) | ∅25 | ||||||
| 8 | Angle Brace (Q235B) | L63*5.0 | ||||||
| 9 | Roof Purlin (Galvanized) | Z280*80*20*2.5 | ||||||
| 10 | Wall Purlin (Galvanized) | C250*75*20*2.5 | ||||||
| 11 | Connecting Plate | 6mm-30mm | ||||||
| Other Steel Structure Parts | ||||||||
| 1 | Roof Panel | 50mm Rock wool Sandwich panel | ||||||
| 2 | Wall Panel | 50mm Rock wool Sandwich panel | ||||||
| 3 | Gutter | 2mm Galvanized Steel Plate | ||||||
| 4 | Down Pipe | PVC160 (Including parts) | ||||||
| 5 | Trimming | Color steel 0.5mm Gavanized steel panel | ||||||
